> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://pijschain.gitbook.io/whitepaper/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://pijschain.gitbook.io/whitepaper/system-architecture/node-roles/staking-node-consensus-participation-node.md).

# Staking Node (Consensus Participation Node)

Staking Nodes are the core economic participants of the network. They obtain their status through an order-based fixed-term staking model, under which each staking node is assigned a globally unique node index and a corresponding BLS key pair.

To become a staking node, a participant submits a staking order through the staking contract, selects a staking amount and lock duration, and registers their BLS public key. Each staking order has a clearly defined duration and may either be redeemed at maturity or automatically renewed. This creates a staking system that is both predictable and plannable.

The primary responsibility of a staking node is to operate continuously and periodically submit BLS-signed heartbeat messages, thereby proving active participation in the network. At the end of each epoch, staking nodes receive on-chain rewards in the following epoch based on both their online proof and their share of effective stake.

Reward calculation is based on a transparent on-chain decay model, which allows participants to estimate expected returns in advance based on order parameters such as amount and duration.

The protocol also supports a delegated staking model (dPoS-style) through independent withdrawal addresses. This enables multiple stakers to consolidate stake under a single operator-managed node, which is particularly suitable for institutional or professionally managed operation scenarios.

Advantages of Order-Based Staking

Order-based staking introduces several structural benefits:

* Flexibility: Stakers can choose their own stake amount and lock duration, create multiple staking orders, add new positions at any time, and redeem positions at maturity.<br>
* Predictability: Each order has a fixed start and end time, allowing participants to estimate yield with greater certainty.<br>
* Trust Minimization: Order states are fully verifiable on-chain, and redemption or renewal is handled automatically by the protocol.<br>

Composability: A single address may hold multiple orders with different maturities, enabling laddered staking strategies and independent risk-return management.<br>


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