> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://pijschain.gitbook.io/whitepaper/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://pijschain.gitbook.io/whitepaper/system-architecture/evm-layer-1-architecture-overview.md).

# EVM Layer-1 Architecture Overview

PIJSChain is built on a deeply customized version of go-ethereum (geth) and is designed as a fully EVM-compatible Layer-1 blockchain. Its core architecture adopts a hybrid dual-layer consensus framework, combining a Proof-of-Staked-Authority (PoSA) block production base with an additional staking participation layer and a decaying reward model. This design enables PIJSChain to achieve both efficient block production and broad network participation through a layered consensus structure.

The system can be understood through the following architectural layers:

| Layer                                   | Component                          | Function                                                                                  |
| --------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Execution Layer                         | EVM + State Trie                   | Transaction execution, state transition, smart contract execution                         |
| Consensus Layer — Block Production      | PoSA                               | Rotating block production by authorized block producers with second-level block intervals |
| Consensus Layer — Staking Participation | Hybrid Staking                     | Staking-node participation, BLS heartbeat proofs, online-status aggregation               |
| Incentive Layer                         | Decaying Reward Model              | T+1 reward settlement, order-based staking, predictable yield output                      |
| Storage Layer                           | Precompiled Contracts + State Trie | Persistent on-chain storage of staking data, activity bitmaps, and incentive parameters   |
| Network Layer                           | devp2p + Heartbeat Protocol        | Block synchronization, transaction broadcasting, and off-chain heartbeat communication    |

Core protocol state is managed through on-chain precompiled contracts, which handle staking-node registration, staking-order management, governance of incentive parameters, and epoch-level online bitmap storage. All state changes are executed through EVM system calls and reflected in the block stateRoot, ensuring deterministic consistency across all nodes in the network.

This architecture allows PIJSChain to separate block efficiency from participation scale. By decoupling block production from staking participation, the network can maintain fast and stable block intervals while still supporting broad economic participation from a large number of staking nodes.


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